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French Citizenship: The American and french citizenship revolutions were the events through which national citizenship gained its modern significance. As citizenship in the medieval city-state had signified freedom from feudal domination, so national citizenship in the United States and France symbolized the end of monarchy. The distinction between citizen and subject no longer may be vital but it was to revolutionaries of the 1700's.Citizenship in a Federation. In a federation such as the United States, dual citizenship in the nation and a constituent state is inevitable; but this seldom leads to serious problems, as control of citizenship is the responsibility of the national government. The Soviet Union, at least nominally, is an exception to this rule: both the USSR and the constituent "union republics" may confer citizenship.
Grants of Roman citizenship to foreigners (individuals or larger territorial groups) became frequent, until in 212 A.D. Emperor Caracalla (r. 211-217) bestowed Roman citizenship on almost all inhabitants of the empire. Citizenship was lost as a result of condemnation in a criminal trial to banishment (deportatio). |
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