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Citizenship Studies: A mounting number of reports and articles have appeared in professional journals and popular magazines since 1950. Important among these have been the yearbooks of influential societies, such as the National Council for the Social Studies' Education for Democratic citizenship studies in 1951 and the American Association of School Administrators' Education for American citizenship studies in 1954. Pamphlets, teaching aids, and units were sponsored by such diverse groups as the National Association of Manufacturers, the American Legion, the Tufts citizenship studies Center, and the National Education Association. In 1954 the citizenship studies Education Project, sponsored by Columbia University Teachers College and the Carnegie Fund, involved about 1,500 secondary schools throughout the United States in a program of citizenship studies education practices in schools and communities. Its publications provided a great deal of tested information on civic laboratory practices.Results of the various studies substantiated what educational reformers had been claiming for years: traditional subject matter presented by traditional methods alone held little promise for improving students' chances of attaining the aims of citizenship studies education. A citizenship studies study made in Detroit, Mich., pointed out that the attitudes and understandings of democratic citizenship studies are acquired as a result of a many-sided process. The report of the study cautioned that until more certain insight was gained, the schools should maintain a balanced relationship among the techniques of teaching democracy. The Detroit study found that the attributes of democratic citizenship studies were developed in five ways: by the intellectual process, through participation in democratic activities, via emotional appeals, as a result of cultural assimilation in intimate home and community groups, and as the products of emotionally balanced individuals.
citizenship studies in a Federation. In a federation such as the United States, dual citizenship studies in the nation and a constituent state is inevitable; but this seldom leads to serious problems, as control of citizenship studies is the responsibility of the national government. The Soviet Union, at least nominally, is an exception to this rule: both the USSR and the constituent "union republics" may confer citizenship studies. |
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