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American Citizenship: The American and French revolutions were the events through which national citizenship gained its modern significance. As citizenship in the medieval city-state had signified freedom from feudal domination, so national citizenship in the United States and France symbolized the end of monarchy. The distinction between citizen and subject no longer may be vital but it was to revolutionaries of the 1700's.A mounting number of reports and articles have appeared in professional journals and popular magazines since 1950. Important among these have been the yearbooks of influential societies, such as the National Council for the Social Studies' Education for Democratic Citizenship in 1951 and the American Association of School Administrators' Education for American Citizenship in 1954. Pamphlets, teaching aids, and units were sponsored by such diverse groups as the National Association of Manufacturers, the American Legion, the Tufts Citizenship Center, and the National Education Association. In 1954 the Citizenship Education Project, sponsored by Columbia University Teachers College and the Carnegie Fund, involved about 1,500 secondary schools throughout the United States in a program of citizenship education practices in schools and communities. Its publications provided a great deal of tested information on civic laboratory practices.
American citizenship at birth is gained primarily jure soli, but children born abroad to American parents generally are entitled to American citizenship also. Naturalization requirements have changed frequently. Until the 1920's they generally were designed to encourage large-scale immigration. Thereafter immigration was restricted stringently, both in total numbers and according to national origins. Immigration restrictions and naturalization requirements are closely related, so that permanent entry to the United States generally is limited to those eligible to become citizens. |
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